A language learner can derive from the inclusion of literature in the educational curriculum for language learning. This study investigates the importance of literary discourse in developing the foreign language learners' pragmatic competence. Two sections of ninth stage students from Al-Jazeerah Schools in Amman Private Directorate of Education have been randomly sampled in the study. Students were then assigned into two groups, the control group and the experimental group. Both groups were administered an identical pre-test which showed a uniformity in the results with insignificant variation. A syllabus based on literary texts including all the genres of English literature was designed for the experimental group. For the control group, core language textbooks covering the same components were selected for instruction. Both groups were instructed for a full semester . By the end of the semester, they were given a post-test. The results of the study suggested that the literature syllabus sounded good for developing the learner's pragmatic competence , in the sense that there was a significant difference in the performance of the two groups, in favor of the experimental group. The findings also drew the instructors , curriculum developers, and course designers' attention towards integrating more literature centered language activities in the process of language teaching. Finally, the study proposed some pedagogical implications related to literature-based syllabus to general design.

This study aims to investigate the effect of using authentic videos on the prosodic competence of foreign language learners. It is hypothesized worldwide that authentic videos have a positive effect on the EFL learners' supra segmental competence. The population of the study included 32 students majoring in English Language at Taibah University in KSA during the academic year 2011/2012. The sample consisted of two sections, a control group and an experimental one. A pretest was administered to both groups to ensure that they were homogeneous. The control group was taught supra segmental aspects of language using a traditional approach while the experimental group was taught authentic videos. About four months later, a posttest was administered. The results of the study showed that there was much progress in the experimental group which significantly outperformed the control group in the different aspects of prosody. These findings confirm the hypothesis which read videos can have a positive effect on the EFL learners' supra segmental competence.

The purpose of this study is to determine the level of violence against school children in the Gaza Strip, and to understand its causes and its impact on the children's level of anxiety and attitudes towards learning. Stratified random sample was taken. The sample consisted of 300 students in the ninth grade from Nuseirat refugee camp, and the number of valid questions was 247. The researchers used three tools to identify the level of school violence against children, their level of anxiety, their attitudes towards learning, and their academic achievement. The results of the study show that the children studied here were subject to a high degree of physical and psychological violence from their teachers who practiced violence on them as a form of punishment. The results also show that there were statistically significant differences in the level of violence against children between students in governmental schools, private schools and UNRWA schools for the favor of UNRWA students. In addition, there were statistically significant differences based on gender for the favor of female teachers.Moreover, the results show that there were statistically significant differences in the degree of anxiety of children between students exposed to low-level of violence and students exposed to high level of violence in favor of students exposed to high level of violence .Furthermore, the results show that there were statistically significant differences in the degree of children's attitudes towards learning between students exposed to lowlevel of violence and students exposed to high level of violence in favor of students exposed to low level of violence.The results also show that there were statistically significant differences in the degree of the academic achievement of children between students exposed to low-level of violence and students exposed to high level of violence in favor of students exposed to low level of violence.

Housing delivery has become a global issue. The millennium development goal identified housing as a basic human need and proposed shelter for all by 2015. Here in Nigeria, the rate of rapid urbanization, rural-urban migratio and haphazard development of houses in some Nigerian cities have resulted to the associated blight, squalor and slum conditions, occasioned by high occupancy ratio and congestion and these have been the bane of urban housing delivery, especially in Enugu. As the 553rd city in the world as well as the capital City of Enugu state, the City of Enugu has many educational, industrial and governmental establishments. The city enjoys an urban growth rate of 2.5% and a current urban population of about 927,642 residents. As a result, Enugu faces high housing needs that require a sustainable approach. This paper focuses on real estate maintenance as a sustainable option for the improvement of housing estates in Enugu using the Trans-Ekulu housing estate as a case study. 10% of the housing stock in each street of the estate was studied. A total of 114 household heads of the randomly selected houses were the respondents. Among other things; the study revealed that approximately 83% of the total housing stock in the estate was dilapidated due to gross lack of maintenance as measured by the presence of rusted and leaking roof, cracked walls and weak foundation, broken doors and windows, unpainted or deteriorated paints, deteriorated housing facilities and non availability of some facilities and landscape elements. Policy review and integrated action and co-operation among relevant professionals involved in the planning, development and management of housing estates in Enugu as well as public participation among others were recommended.

In Egypt, traditional residential architecture of Islamic eras accorded a great deal of importance and respect to the environment, the source of the construction materials that give form to architectural elements. It also contributes to creating architectural spaces that realize mental and physical comfort of users while complementing the surrounding environment. In this paper, various components and design patterns of the traditional residential architecture in Cairo (Cairene houses) were observed and analyzed from a green architecture perspective in order to determine best building techniques and elements of environmentally friendly design. First, the climatic system of Egypt is explained, second a description of the traditional residential architecture in Cairo is provided, third, green principles in the design patterns and elements of Cairene houses were observed and analyzed in detail in terms of: 1) solar heat energy, 2) solar light energy, 3) wind energy, 4) construction materials, and 5) sound insulation

The research is a case study in Bolgatanga which used the qualitative design. The Researcher depended on semistructured interviews, observations and focus group discussions to extract data from leather tanners sampled from three tanning communities in the Bolgatanga municipality, namely; Yikene, Tanzui and Nawomaya all in the Upper East Region of Ghana. 60 respondents who were purposively selected from the above communities constituted the sample. The study attempted to unveil the causes of the characteristic offensive odour associated with leather from these communities. The researcher therefore studied the tanning materials, tools and methods used in processing leather from the above mentioned communities in order to uncover the source of the problem. The study revealed that even though the tanners used scientifically backed traditional methods to process their leathers, the re-using of some of the leather processing mixtures and inadequate rinsing regimes, were the main setbacks contributing to the offensive odor. Relevant recommendations were made to redress the shortcomings.

The study of three-dimensional space at the Basic Course for Higher Education of Arts and Design at the Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB) has been conducted for more than 50 years. Ever since the beginning, the curriculum of this study refers to the models developed by the era of Modernism. This study program has been continued by educators who came from academic institutions with Bauhaus as their primary example. This program trains students to give a creative, clear and structural response to a three-dimensional object, material character, and three-dimensional aspects. Emphasized is the Harmonization of forms, the students should create another form that is more concrete, although without any intended meaning or function, other than its own structural form. This paper contains preliminary data is of a number of visual documents and interviews with several educators in the fields of fine art, design and crafts in Indonesia, and from the countries where Modernism and Bauhaus were born. Cultural backgrounds and geographical situations of each educator have also influenced their teaching methods. Additional Data is acquired from the Bauhaus Archive Museum. Then a temporary conclusion is presented weather this method is still in use or already changed. The applied method in the case study is a method of qualitative research that is not based on mathematical logic, the principle of numbers, or statistical methods. By studying the process as much as possible a series of 'historical' three dimentional space shape, researchers aim to provide a complete view and a bit of depth on the subject under study nirmana space. The nature of this paper is a descriptive study or a review and analysis of the socio-historical context Finally, this paper presents a timeline of the historical development of Three-Dimensional Space Study at the Basic Course for Higher Education of Arts and Design at the ITB.

Arab revolutionary movements (the so called Arab spring movements) grew as the Arab nations are on the verge of the end of an era nearing its enclosure, phasing a historic transformation of their people passing the dark shadows of autocracies and dictatorships, a stage missing the role of people and forcing to choose between tyrants and invaders. And because the scene is as big as the event itself, it's difficult for any individual effort to put a clear perspective that reads the deep intellectual, cultural, political, social and economical reflections of these movements, even it's harder to follow up this the revolutionary generation stunning the crowds, cheering for change, bringing down regimes and looking forward to build the future, as it is the future of the Arab nation. To join back the global civilization, the Arab nation can restore its position among nations with its creative and challenging generations, and these revolutionary movements were the first steps towards this change. Thus, this study aimed at finding out the trends and the implications of these movements rocking the Arab countries, and exploring the dream of the new generations.

Mojokerto is a city where various temples as relics of the Majapahit kingdom located. Each is equipped with reliefs of the temple consist of a depiction of a character or merely as decoration. In addition for being able to arouse the aesthetic sense of beauty, temple reliefs as visual capital that can be a source of inspiration in the development of local craft in Mojokerto. Study in this area focus on the effort to create a characteristic batik motif based on temple reliefs in Mojokerto. This research was meant to solve problems related to the creation of the batik of Mojokerto style. This paper consists of three parts. First, it discusses about the temple reliefs. Second, it discusses the elements of decoration on the temple reliefs as inspired base for creation the motif of Mojokerto batik. And finally, it discusses the process of designing the Mojokerto motif.